1.
The Caldari Dialogues written by Svetlana Scarlet.
2.
Developing Caldari Culture and Institutions, again by Svetlana
Highly collectivist in outlook and action? Then why are they so competitive? It shouldn't matter to the Caldari whether they win or lose something as long as it helps out the greater good, right? And how does one think state first - corp second when they are basically isolated from anyone not in their corporation.
Caldari Prime is a harsh world. At the beginning of Caldari society forming, people could not go outside their habitats while the world underwent automated terraformation. Survival required collectivism, a willingness to accept personal sacrifice to enable the continuance of your community, the habitat simply could not support more than X number of people and those not contributing to the future were a burden that could cost the community its very existence.
But this also breeds a selfishness on group levels. One group must take from another to grow beyond its current means, there is no win-win, only zero-sum.
But this is 1000s of years in the past. Fast forward to the being the lower-tech culture in a first contact scenario, include the radical "modernization" of Caldari culture by the Gallente. The very foundations upon which Caldari civilization is built are consumed and destroyed to catch up with these outsiders and exist reach parity. The goal, the driving motivation linking back to first contact between neighboring terrformation habs, parity with your neighbor or absorption by the larger power.
The Big 8 are a product of this very motivation - corporations working towards their own survival and building themselves to reach parity with their competitors or face absorption by them.
Absorption is the common Caldari cultural fear, shared across the diverse cultures of the 8 megacorproations, and the Caldari nation as a whole. Gallente/Amarr cultural imperialism (Reclaiming) is a a unifying fear for the Caldari. This does not mean the Caldari will not at every level fight for the continuance of their group* (in priority order team, program, division, company, corporation, mega-corporation, State); there is however the realization that there will be winners and losers. Below the corporation-level, there is likely lots of dynamism created by the interplay of these groups in a highly competitive environment. At the mega-corporation level, the sub-corporate entities are the causalities of propaganda, marketing, contracting, and shadow wars.
The State is the product of the Big 8 realizing without a collective front, they would all be absorbed. So instead of facing absorption by an outside culture, they closed ranks and created their own "entity" in which to be absorbed.
The Lai Dai view is: "If it is good for Lai Dai, it is good for the State." The SuVee view is similar: "If it is good for SuVee, it is good for the State. This does not preclude these two entities from having contrary goals they both believe are good for the State.
*Ancient Caldari the likely priority is family, hab-clan, hab-kingdom, etc.
Are Caldari schools run by separate corporations?
Yes.
School of Applied Knowledge is likely operated by Lai Dai primarily and probably has a
Patriot slant, eschewing foreign trade and design, focusing on traditional methods.
Science and Trade Institute is likely operated by Ishukone primarily and probably has a
Liberal slant, encouraging free trade and exploring the application of new/foreign methodology.
The
State War Academy appears to be largely independent and likely serves all the State's security corporations as well as the Caldari Navy.
OK, the idea that eight highly-competitive mini-states can coexist in a harsh galaxy without something forcing them to abstain from armed conflict makes my head explode. There has to be something holding them together, usually by force.
Would outside threat - the Gallente Federation - work?
At this point, the Gallente Federation is one of many outside threats holding the Big 8 together. The Empire and Republic are on the same list and each dealt with slightly differently due to history.
The warming of relations between the Kingdom and Empire is a bad thing from a Caldari perspective; as the Empire's influence and power grows (versus declines), the alliance with them becomes less and less useful in creating parity between the 4 major Empires. Encouraging the splintering of the Federation and Empire reduces the two major powers to a position of parity with the State and likely will result in an upswing in internal conflict in the State.