An equivalent to Galileo’s telescope, invented in 1610, should have been enough to discover a civilization capable of space flight within the same solar system. PF does say that the Caldari were entering the industrial era (mid 1700’s), but because of the lack of a Galileo like telescope it’s my personal opinion that the Caldari had not advanced their understanding of mathematics or physics past the early 1600s.
I suppose that could mean that some of the technologies of the industrial era had been invented but had not yet become widely used.
According to Wikipedia certain discoveries in coal and steel lead the way to the industrial era, and I believe it was Herko who suggested that the reason the Caldari lagged behind was because Caldari Prime was terraformed into a habitable planet and therefore didn’t have a lot of fossil fuels to begin with. This may tie into the significance steel has in the Caldari culture. It may represent strength, power and technological advancement.
It’s also my personal opinion that the original authors of Caldari PF pulled heavily from the events that lead to Japan’s industrial revolution; the Meiji Restoration and Satsuma Rebellion for inspiration of the time period between first contact up to the start of the Caldari-Gallente war.
When the Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate they used the slogan sonnō jōi or “restore the Emperor, expel the barbarian.“
Japanese knew that they were behind the rest of the world when American Commodore Matthew C. Perry came to Japan to try to issue a treaty that would open up Japanese ports to trade. Perry came to Japan in large warships with armament and technology that far outclassed those of Japan at the time. The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule in order to strengthen Japan against the threat represented by the colonial powers of the day.
Although the Satsuma Domain had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the jōi ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonnō jōi justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate.
Two conflicting goals here; the need to learn from the technologically advanced society inorder to survive and the need to isolate themselves from the that society inorder to survive as a culture.
Despite still being very xenophobic, the Japanese of this era still sent thousands of students abroad and hired westerners to help modernize their technology.
Similarly, I believe during the Caldari’s time as part of the Federation they would have distrustful of the Gallente and resentful of the influence their culture had on Caldari society but keenly aware of how outclassed they were in terms of technology. Because they were so much stronger, they realized they had no choice but to learn their secrets even if it meant playing ball for the time being.