I tend to feel that quick and dirty comparisons between Eve factions and single real-world contemporary or historical cultures misses an opportunity to examine the complexity of Eve politics. At the same time, looking at some of the aspects of cultures we're familiar with can make it easier to get a handle on our game 'world'.
What I'd like to do is invite people to make unexpected comparisons, with specific aspects of a contemporary or historical culture, to prompt thought and discussion.
I'll start:
Gallente Federation: The Gallente Federation reminds me in some ways of the Roman Empire as a large entity containing cultures that have maintained their uniqueness.
Sansha's Nation: Like the USSR, Sansha's Nation could claim to be an idealistic society attacked by a united force of representatives of the established order in its infancy. Just as some say that the True Slaves were a response to unwarranted aggression, some representatives of the USSR claimed that the internal repression and militarism of the Soviet state was forced on the USSR by international hostility. (please note: I'm not making any claims as to the accuracy of such claims)
Caldari State: The Caldari State, originally numerically small and under threat by a powerful neighbor, increasingly under thrall to a single leader who may be changing the ideology originally behind the society, reminds me in this way of Cuba.
The Serpentis: Effectively ruled by gang-lords and gaining most of its income from drugs, the Serpentis have something in common with Columbia.
The Amarr Empire: Aggressively expansionist and with an economy dependent on slavery - like the early British Empire in that way.
Of course, in every single one of these, there are a thousand other ways the Eve faction differs.
What odd comparisons can you think of?