I've found myself wanting to re-reread
Snow Crash, recently. Think it is usually (along with
Neuromancer) given some of the credit for establishing the whole 'Cyberpunk' thing.
For a series to keep me occupied on a desert island, I would probably go into fantasy instead and pick the 'Malazan Book of the Fallen' - If you don't mind the occasional digressions into pages of philosophical stuff, the rendering and depth of the setting really impresses me. It's also very - maybe excessively - complex as far as multiple interwoven plots. Reading that series is one of the things that inspired me to look at Eve and think of all the possibilities as far as culture and history that it would be neat to explore. Also it's like 10k pages long, atm, so there would be plenty to read on that desert island
For a book that I found the most striking recently,
Perdido Street Station, as I think others have said, and the book after set in the same world,
The Scar.
Iron Council was also good, Though I think I liked the first two maybe a little more.
Altered Carbon (and the other Takeshi Kovacs novels) for an entertaining read and an Eve-like feel (kinda have to read it to see what I mean). Also
The Windup Girl, which I was impressed enough with after reading a bit at the bookstore, I bought it in hardcover. (I'm usually much too cheap to do that.)
Other Sci-Fi authors I've enjoyed (some of whom have already been mentioned): Iain Banks, Alastair Reynolds, Charles Stross, William Gibson, John Scalzi, Peter Hamilton, Ian McDonald
These are all more recent, rather than the older big names, ofc (Many of which have also already been mentioned. Asimov, Clarke, etc.)