It's good time to share opinions on this topic. I'm disagreeing with some of you but feel free to pour cold water on me.
The god-modding issue that Julianus has bought up is something that made me also worried a while ago. From the eve wiki: "The two largest parties are the Progressive Party and the Sociocrat Party, but there are numerous others across the broad sweep of the Federation." To me this sounds like a hint to players to form their own corporations but of course it is possible to interpret it as a promise by the fiction writers to come up with a complete list of the Federal political groups at some point in the future. Whatever the case, I personally have chosen to view the player political parties as some kind of self-acclaimed support groups in the best tradition of New Eden loyalism.
The topics proposed for New Eden-specific discussions are interesting, but somehow I find it difficult to see a major confrontation building around many of these issues. Most people don't care about subtle questions. Many of the topics also refer to facts which are poorly known among the players but would be quite useful in an in-depth discussion between characters. I hope that the EVE fiction writers find this list and start filling the gaps.
In real life, and also in the chronicles and news items, the politics seems to be always rotating around economics and war, and I find it difficult to see how this could ever change, even in 30000 years. EVE is a special game because both the economy and warfare have their consequences, with a good flavour of realism in many ways. Players are building stuff, trading with it and the markets react in perfect agreement with the economic theory. The systems are changing ownership, corporations are calling men in arms and loosing major investments. In my opinion the game politics should use these tools as an inspiration.
I have envisioned the divisions between the parties to be something like militaristic vs. non-militaristic and economic freedom vs. economic control, following the trade and wars theme. There are social reasons why the major parties have to be close to the majority opinion, and I don't see why this should be different in New Eden than in real life.
From this background, with regard to militarism, I tend to think that the two major parties would probably not be excessively militaristic, but it's hard to guess where the unionists might stand in this respect.
The party descriptions are quite clear that the two largest parties have very different opinions on the level of proper control over the economy, but I think the writers have tried to avoid portraying it as a good vs. evil battle. Following the principle that everyone has potential to be an antagonist, it might be plausible that Quafe and others would use the sociocrats to create laws which suppress competition, and the progressors to minimize government intervention in their business practices.
The U-Nats and Unionists seem like movements centred around their pet issues, "death to Caldari" and "the Matari, one third of the population, is not officially recognized and are severely underrepresented in governance, high-paying professions etc." They would probably choose their talking points to best advance their goals.
I agree that it's an important question, how close to the real life equivalents the Federal politics can be taken. In my opinion the usual conservative/liberal or left/right divisions are not necessary. In the economic sense the sociocratism/progressivism division should deliver the message, and in terms of values the Gallenteans seem to be fairly united, and the big gap lies between them and the other races.
The Amarr players probably have more expertise on how to handle a contentious issue in the game world, but from the outside it seems that the best way to go is to take it over the top. Religion is one of the no-go topics in many places, but in New Eden quite a few of the believers seem to be extremely flamboyant scripture tome wielders, which I can imagine is a very attractive position to play.